Roman Empire
The Julio-Claudian Emperors
27 BC–AD 14 Augustus (C. Julius Caesar Octavianus) (son of C. Octavius; maternal grandson of Julia, sister of C. Julius Caesar)
14–37 Tiberius (Ti. Claudius Nero) (son of Livia, later married to Augustus, and Ti. Claudius Nero)
37–41 Caligula (C. Caesar) (grandnephew; maternal grandson of Julia, daughter of Augustus)
41–54 Claudius (Ti. Claudius Drusus) (uncle; maternal grandson of Octavia, sister of Augustus)
54–68 Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar) (son of Agrippina, sister of Caligula, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus)
68–69 Galba (Ser. Sulpicius Galba)
69 Otho (M. Salvius Otho)
69 Vitellius (A. Vitellius)
The Flavian Emperors
69–79 Vespasian (T. Flavius Vespasianus)
79–81 Titus (T. Flavius Vespasianus) (son)
81–96 Domitian (T. Flavius Domitianus) (brother)
The Five Good Emperors
96–98 Nerva (M. Cocceius Nerva)
98–117 Trajan (M. Ulpius Trajanus)
117–138 Hadrian (P. Aelius Hadrianus)
138–161 Antoninus Pius (T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus)
161–169 Lucius Verus (L. Aurelius Verus)
161–180 Marcus Aurelius (M. Aurelius Antoninus)
180–192 Commodus (M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus) (son; co-regent 177)
193 Pertinax (P. Helvius Pertinax)
193 Didius Julianus (M. Didius Severus Julianus)
The Severi
193–211 Septimius Severus (L. Septimius Severus)
211 Geta (L. or P. Septimius Geta) (son; co-regent 209)
211–217 Caracalla (M. Aurelius Antoninus) (brother; co-regent 198)
217–218 Macrinus (M. Opellius Macrinus)
218 Diadumenian (M. Opellius Diadumenianus) (son; co-regent)
218–222 Elagabalus (M. Aurelius Antoninus) (maternal grandson of Julia Maesa, sister-in-law of Septimius Severus)
222–235 Severus Alexander (M. Aurelius Alexander) (maternal grandson of Julia Maesa)
The Soldier-Emperors
235–238 Maximinus the Thracian (C. Julius Verus Maximinus)
238 Gordian I (M. Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus)/Gordian II (M. Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus) (son)
238 Balbinus (D. Caelius Calvinus Balbinus)/Pupienus Maximus (M. Clodius Pupienus Maximus)
238–244 Gordian III (M. Antonius Gordianus) (maternal grandson of Gordian I)
244–249 Philip I, the Arabian (M. Julius Philippus)
247–249 Philip II (M. Julius Severus Philippus) (son)
249–251 Decius (C. Messius Quintus Decius)
251 Herennius Etruscus (Q. Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius) (son; co-regent)
251 Hostilian (C. Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus) (brother; co-regent with Trebonianus Gallus)
251–253 Trebonianus Gallus (C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus)
251–253 Volusian (C. Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus) (son)
253 Aemilian (M. Aemilius Aemilianus)
253–260 Valerian (P. Licinius Valerianus) (deposed)
253–268 Gallienus (P. Licinius Egnatius Gallienus) (son)
260 Saloninus (P. Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus) (son)
268–270 Claudius II, Gothicus (M. Aurelius Claudius)
270 Quintillus (M. Aurelius Quintillus) (brother)
270–275 Aurelian (L. Domitius Aurelianus)
275–276 Tacitus (M. Claudius Tacitus)
276 Florian (M. Annius Florianus)
276–282 Probus (M. Aurelius Probus)
282–283 Carus (M. Aurelius Carus)
283–284 Numerian (M. Aurelius Numerianus) (son)
283–285 Carinus (M. Aurelius Carinus) (brother; co-regent 283)
The ‘Gallic Empire’
260–269 Postumus (M. Cassianius Latinius Postumus)
269 Laelian (Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus)
269 Marius (M. Aurelius Marius)
269–271 Victorinus (M. Piavonius Victorinus)
271–274 Tetricus (C. Pius Esuvius Tetricus) (deposed)
Diocletian and the Tetrarchy
284–305 Diocletian (C. Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) (abdicated, died 311)
286–305 Maximian (M. Aurelius Valerius Maximianus) (Caesar 285; abdicated; resumed the title of Augustus 307–8, 309–10)
305–306 Constantius I, Chlorus (Fl. Valerius Constantius) (Caesar 293)
305–311 Galerius (C. Galerius Valerius Maximianus) (Caesar 293)
306–307 Severus (Fl. Valerius Severus) (Caesar 305; deposed, died 307)
307–312 Maxentius (M. Aurelius Valerius Maxentius) (son of Maximian)
Dynasty of Constantine
307–337 Constantine I, the Great (Fl. Valerius Constantinus) (son of Constantius I; Caesar 306)
308–324 Licinius (Valerius Licinianus Licinius) (deposed, died 325)
310–313 Maximinus II (Galerius Valerius Maximinus) (son of Galerius' sister; Caesar 305)
316–317 Valerius Valens (C. Aurelius Valerius Valens)
324 Martinian (Martius Martinianus) (deposed, died 325)
337–340 Constantine II (Fl. Claudius Constantinus) (son of Constantine I)
337–350 Constans (Fl. Julius Constans) (brother)
337–361 Constantius II (Fl. Julius Constantius) (brother)
350–353 Magnentius (Fl. Magnus Magnentius)
360–363 Julian the Apostate (Fl. Claudius Julianus) (nephew of Constantine I)
363–364 Jovian (Fl. Jovianus)
Dynasty of Valentinian
364–375 Valentinian I (Fl. Valentinianus)
364–378 Valens (Fl. Valens) (brother)
375–383 Gratian (Fl. Gratianus) (son of Valentinian I; co-regent 367)
375–392 Valentinian II (Fl. Valentinianus) (brother)
Dynasty of Theodosius
379–395 Theodosius I, the Great (Fl. Theodosius)
383–388 Maximus (Magnus Maximus)
387–388 Victor (Fl. Victor) (son)
392–394 Eugenius (Fl. Eugenius)
Western Roman Emperors
395–423 Honorius (Fl. Honorius) (son of Theodosius I; co-regent 393)
421 Constantius III (Fl. Constantius)
423–425 John (Johannes)
425–455 Valentinian III (Fl. Placidus Valentinianus) (son of Constantius III; maternal grandson of Theodosius I)
455 Petronius Maximus
455–456 Avitus (Eparchius Avitus) (deposed, died 456)
457–461 Majorian (Julius Valerius Majorianus)
461–465 Libius Severus
467–472 Anthemius (Procopius Anthemius)
472 Olybrius (Anicius Olybrius)
473–474 Glycerius (deposed)
474–480 Julius Nepos
475–476 Romulus Augustus (deposed; end of direct imperial rule in the west 476/80)
Notes
Chronology
For Geta's death in December 211, see T. D. Barnes, Journal of Theological Studies, new series, XIX (1968), 522–4; for the date of Valerian's capture, Aufstieg und Niedergang, 818–20. Dates for the ‘Gallic Empire’ follow ibid., 853–1012; other regional usurpers and pretenders are omitted.
Calendar and Dating
For the Julian year of 365 days, with an intercalary day every fourth year, see A. E. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology: Calendars and Years in Classical Antiquity (Munich, 1972), 155–8. Under Augustus, the Egyptian vague year was synchronized with the Julian year, so that the Egyptian new year's day, 1 Thoth, fell on 29 August . Ibid., 177.Roman emperors numbered not their regnal years, but their years of tribunician power (tribunicia potestas); this was renewed annually, either on the anniversary of its first conferment, or on a fixed date. H. Mattingly, ‘“;Tribunicia Potestate”’, Journal of Roman Studies, XX (1930), 78–91. Egyptian materials are dated by regnal years, beginning 29 August (see above).
Names and Titles
As many emperors changed their names on adoption or accession, or both, it has not been possible to present them in a fully consistent manner. The names given are relatively familiar forms, and do not include elements of the imperial style: Nero Claudius Caesar rather than L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, M. Ulpius Trajanus and not Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus. For details on nomenclature, see the biographical articles in Paulys Realencyclopädie.
The style was complex, and included both ‘republican’ and ‘imperial’ elements; the basic title of emperor was Imperator Caesar [name] Augustus. See M. Hammond, ‘Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire’, Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, XXV (1957), 17–64. Co-regents with full powers had the title of Augustus; rulers denoted above as Caesars were junior partners in Diocletian's tetrarchic system.
Latin praenomina
A.: Aulus M.: Marcus
C.: Gaius P.: Publius
Cn.: Gnaeus Q.: Quintus
D.: Decimus Ser.: Servius
Fl.: Flavius T.: Titus
L.: Lucius Ti.: Tiberius
Bibliography
Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, ed. H. Temporini and W. Haase, II: Principat, pt. 2 (Berlin, 1975).
Barnes, T. D., The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine (Cambridge, Mass., 1982).
Mattingly, H. et al., eds., The Roman Imperial Coinage (9 vols. in 12 pts., London, 1926–84).
Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, ed. G. Wissowa et al. (49 vols. in 83 pts., Stuttgart and Munich, 1893–1978).
Schwartz, J., Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (3 vols. in 4 pts., Cambridge, 1971–1992).
Dynasties of the World. John E. Morby. Oxford University Press, 2002.
27 BC–AD 14 Augustus (C. Julius Caesar Octavianus) (son of C. Octavius; maternal grandson of Julia, sister of C. Julius Caesar)
14–37 Tiberius (Ti. Claudius Nero) (son of Livia, later married to Augustus, and Ti. Claudius Nero)
37–41 Caligula (C. Caesar) (grandnephew; maternal grandson of Julia, daughter of Augustus)
41–54 Claudius (Ti. Claudius Drusus) (uncle; maternal grandson of Octavia, sister of Augustus)
54–68 Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar) (son of Agrippina, sister of Caligula, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus)
68–69 Galba (Ser. Sulpicius Galba)
69 Otho (M. Salvius Otho)
69 Vitellius (A. Vitellius)
The Flavian Emperors
69–79 Vespasian (T. Flavius Vespasianus)
79–81 Titus (T. Flavius Vespasianus) (son)
81–96 Domitian (T. Flavius Domitianus) (brother)
The Five Good Emperors
96–98 Nerva (M. Cocceius Nerva)
98–117 Trajan (M. Ulpius Trajanus)
117–138 Hadrian (P. Aelius Hadrianus)
138–161 Antoninus Pius (T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus)
161–169 Lucius Verus (L. Aurelius Verus)
161–180 Marcus Aurelius (M. Aurelius Antoninus)
180–192 Commodus (M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus) (son; co-regent 177)
193 Pertinax (P. Helvius Pertinax)
193 Didius Julianus (M. Didius Severus Julianus)
The Severi
193–211 Septimius Severus (L. Septimius Severus)
211 Geta (L. or P. Septimius Geta) (son; co-regent 209)
211–217 Caracalla (M. Aurelius Antoninus) (brother; co-regent 198)
217–218 Macrinus (M. Opellius Macrinus)
218 Diadumenian (M. Opellius Diadumenianus) (son; co-regent)
218–222 Elagabalus (M. Aurelius Antoninus) (maternal grandson of Julia Maesa, sister-in-law of Septimius Severus)
222–235 Severus Alexander (M. Aurelius Alexander) (maternal grandson of Julia Maesa)
The Soldier-Emperors
235–238 Maximinus the Thracian (C. Julius Verus Maximinus)
238 Gordian I (M. Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus)/Gordian II (M. Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus) (son)
238 Balbinus (D. Caelius Calvinus Balbinus)/Pupienus Maximus (M. Clodius Pupienus Maximus)
238–244 Gordian III (M. Antonius Gordianus) (maternal grandson of Gordian I)
244–249 Philip I, the Arabian (M. Julius Philippus)
247–249 Philip II (M. Julius Severus Philippus) (son)
249–251 Decius (C. Messius Quintus Decius)
251 Herennius Etruscus (Q. Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius) (son; co-regent)
251 Hostilian (C. Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus) (brother; co-regent with Trebonianus Gallus)
251–253 Trebonianus Gallus (C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus)
251–253 Volusian (C. Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus) (son)
253 Aemilian (M. Aemilius Aemilianus)
253–260 Valerian (P. Licinius Valerianus) (deposed)
253–268 Gallienus (P. Licinius Egnatius Gallienus) (son)
260 Saloninus (P. Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus) (son)
268–270 Claudius II, Gothicus (M. Aurelius Claudius)
270 Quintillus (M. Aurelius Quintillus) (brother)
270–275 Aurelian (L. Domitius Aurelianus)
275–276 Tacitus (M. Claudius Tacitus)
276 Florian (M. Annius Florianus)
276–282 Probus (M. Aurelius Probus)
282–283 Carus (M. Aurelius Carus)
283–284 Numerian (M. Aurelius Numerianus) (son)
283–285 Carinus (M. Aurelius Carinus) (brother; co-regent 283)
The ‘Gallic Empire’
260–269 Postumus (M. Cassianius Latinius Postumus)
269 Laelian (Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus)
269 Marius (M. Aurelius Marius)
269–271 Victorinus (M. Piavonius Victorinus)
271–274 Tetricus (C. Pius Esuvius Tetricus) (deposed)
Diocletian and the Tetrarchy
284–305 Diocletian (C. Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) (abdicated, died 311)
286–305 Maximian (M. Aurelius Valerius Maximianus) (Caesar 285; abdicated; resumed the title of Augustus 307–8, 309–10)
305–306 Constantius I, Chlorus (Fl. Valerius Constantius) (Caesar 293)
305–311 Galerius (C. Galerius Valerius Maximianus) (Caesar 293)
306–307 Severus (Fl. Valerius Severus) (Caesar 305; deposed, died 307)
307–312 Maxentius (M. Aurelius Valerius Maxentius) (son of Maximian)
Dynasty of Constantine
307–337 Constantine I, the Great (Fl. Valerius Constantinus) (son of Constantius I; Caesar 306)
308–324 Licinius (Valerius Licinianus Licinius) (deposed, died 325)
310–313 Maximinus II (Galerius Valerius Maximinus) (son of Galerius' sister; Caesar 305)
316–317 Valerius Valens (C. Aurelius Valerius Valens)
324 Martinian (Martius Martinianus) (deposed, died 325)
337–340 Constantine II (Fl. Claudius Constantinus) (son of Constantine I)
337–350 Constans (Fl. Julius Constans) (brother)
337–361 Constantius II (Fl. Julius Constantius) (brother)
350–353 Magnentius (Fl. Magnus Magnentius)
360–363 Julian the Apostate (Fl. Claudius Julianus) (nephew of Constantine I)
363–364 Jovian (Fl. Jovianus)
Dynasty of Valentinian
364–375 Valentinian I (Fl. Valentinianus)
364–378 Valens (Fl. Valens) (brother)
375–383 Gratian (Fl. Gratianus) (son of Valentinian I; co-regent 367)
375–392 Valentinian II (Fl. Valentinianus) (brother)
Dynasty of Theodosius
379–395 Theodosius I, the Great (Fl. Theodosius)
383–388 Maximus (Magnus Maximus)
387–388 Victor (Fl. Victor) (son)
392–394 Eugenius (Fl. Eugenius)
Western Roman Emperors
395–423 Honorius (Fl. Honorius) (son of Theodosius I; co-regent 393)
421 Constantius III (Fl. Constantius)
423–425 John (Johannes)
425–455 Valentinian III (Fl. Placidus Valentinianus) (son of Constantius III; maternal grandson of Theodosius I)
455 Petronius Maximus
455–456 Avitus (Eparchius Avitus) (deposed, died 456)
457–461 Majorian (Julius Valerius Majorianus)
461–465 Libius Severus
467–472 Anthemius (Procopius Anthemius)
472 Olybrius (Anicius Olybrius)
473–474 Glycerius (deposed)
474–480 Julius Nepos
475–476 Romulus Augustus (deposed; end of direct imperial rule in the west 476/80)
Notes
Chronology
For Geta's death in December 211, see T. D. Barnes, Journal of Theological Studies, new series, XIX (1968), 522–4; for the date of Valerian's capture, Aufstieg und Niedergang, 818–20. Dates for the ‘Gallic Empire’ follow ibid., 853–1012; other regional usurpers and pretenders are omitted.
Calendar and Dating
For the Julian year of 365 days, with an intercalary day every fourth year, see A. E. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology: Calendars and Years in Classical Antiquity (Munich, 1972), 155–8. Under Augustus, the Egyptian vague year was synchronized with the Julian year, so that the Egyptian new year's day, 1 Thoth, fell on 29 August . Ibid., 177.Roman emperors numbered not their regnal years, but their years of tribunician power (tribunicia potestas); this was renewed annually, either on the anniversary of its first conferment, or on a fixed date. H. Mattingly, ‘“;Tribunicia Potestate”’, Journal of Roman Studies, XX (1930), 78–91. Egyptian materials are dated by regnal years, beginning 29 August (see above).
Names and Titles
As many emperors changed their names on adoption or accession, or both, it has not been possible to present them in a fully consistent manner. The names given are relatively familiar forms, and do not include elements of the imperial style: Nero Claudius Caesar rather than L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, M. Ulpius Trajanus and not Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus. For details on nomenclature, see the biographical articles in Paulys Realencyclopädie.
The style was complex, and included both ‘republican’ and ‘imperial’ elements; the basic title of emperor was Imperator Caesar [name] Augustus. See M. Hammond, ‘Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire’, Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, XXV (1957), 17–64. Co-regents with full powers had the title of Augustus; rulers denoted above as Caesars were junior partners in Diocletian's tetrarchic system.
Latin praenomina
A.: Aulus M.: Marcus
C.: Gaius P.: Publius
Cn.: Gnaeus Q.: Quintus
D.: Decimus Ser.: Servius
Fl.: Flavius T.: Titus
L.: Lucius Ti.: Tiberius
Bibliography
Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, ed. H. Temporini and W. Haase, II: Principat, pt. 2 (Berlin, 1975).
Barnes, T. D., The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine (Cambridge, Mass., 1982).
Mattingly, H. et al., eds., The Roman Imperial Coinage (9 vols. in 12 pts., London, 1926–84).
Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, ed. G. Wissowa et al. (49 vols. in 83 pts., Stuttgart and Munich, 1893–1978).
Schwartz, J., Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (3 vols. in 4 pts., Cambridge, 1971–1992).
Dynasties of the World. John E. Morby. Oxford University Press, 2002.
0 Comments:
Post a Comment
<< Home